First-order step response calculator

Calculate step response samples and exact 2% settling time with your own figures.

Your numbers

Use the units shown. Results update as you change valid inputs.

Use step response samples and exact 2% settling time to compare changes to your inputs. The method and limits below explain the scope.

Examples

Examples

Try the starting example

Static step gain
2
Time constant (seconds)
3
Pure delay (seconds)
1
Observation times (seconds)
0,1,2,4,7,13
Step response samples (JSON)
[0,0,0.566937378852,1.26424111766,1.72932943353,1.96336872222]
Exact 2% settling time (seconds)
12.736069
10–90% rise duration (seconds)
6.591674

Try another scenario

Static step gain
3
Time constant (seconds)
3
Pure delay (seconds)
1
Observation times (seconds)
[0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 13]
Step response samples (JSON)
[0,0,0.850406068279,1.89636167649,2.59399415029,2.94505308333]
Exact 2% settling time (seconds)
12.736069
10–90% rise duration (seconds)
6.591674
Calculation method

Calculation method

Step response samples (JSON)

Zero-initial-state delayed first-order unit-step response K(1−e^(−(t−delay)/τ)); settle at 2% relative to nonzero final magnitude.

Exact 2% settling time (seconds)

Zero-initial-state delayed first-order unit-step response K(1−e^(−(t−delay)/τ)); settle at 2% relative to nonzero final magnitude.

10–90% rise duration (seconds)

Zero-initial-state delayed first-order unit-step response K(1−e^(−(t−delay)/τ)); settle at 2% relative to nonzero final magnitude.

Symbols and units
a
Static step gain
b
Time constant (seconds)
c
Pure delay (seconds)
d
Observation times (seconds)

Use the units shown. A list keeps the order in which you enter its values. The symbol ^ means “raised to the power of”.

Assumptions & limits

Assumptions & limits

  • User-supplied measurements and assumptions; Zero-initial-state delayed first-order unit-step response K(1−e^(−(t−delay)/τ)); settle at 2% relative to nonzero final magnitude. Supported limits: Finite numeric values bounded to 1e9 magnitude; lists and tables contain 1–100 records unless a stricter bound is stated. Inputs use the units shown. Lists explicitly paired by a method must have matching lengths; independent polynomial coefficient vectors may differ. Respect stated physical, interpolation, policy and computational domain limits.
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Further reading

Method reference ↗

Background reading; this does not imply endorsement or independent review of SumFizz.

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